Chipinda chozizira cha mbewu ndi mtundu wa malo osungiramo mbewu ozizira omwe ndi ochepa koma ofunikira pakukula kwa ulimi. Mbewu zimafunika malo osungiramo mbewu okhazikika kuti zisunge kumera kwamphamvu. Alimi ndi makampani opanga mbewu amagwiritsa ntchito zipinda zozizira za mbewu kuti ateteze moyo wa mbewu. Chipinda chozizira cha matani 2-5 nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito malo okwana 12-20 m². Zipinda zazikulu za matani 20-30 zimafunika pafupifupi 80-120 m².
Mbewu zimataya mphamvu mwachangu zikakumana ndi kutentha kopitirira 28°C. Chinyezi chopitirira 65% chimawononganso mitundu yambiri ya mbewu. Chipinda chozizira cha mbewu chimalamulira zinthu zonse ziwiri. Zipinda zambiri zimasunga kutentha kwa 5–15°C ndipo zimasunga chinyezi pafupifupi 40–55%. Miyeso iyi imathandizira kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kusintha kwa kutentha kumakhala mkati mwa ±1°C. Kusintha kwa chinyezi kumakhala mkati mwa ±5%. Mbewuchipinda choziziraimapereka mpweya wabwino, chinyezi chochepa, komanso kuziziritsa kosalekeza. Magawo otsatirawa akufotokoza za mawonekedwe, kusiyana, kapangidwe kake, ndi malo opangira.
Mawonekedwe
Mbewuchipinda choziziraImayang'ana kwambiri kuziziritsa ndi chinyezi chokhazikika. Mbewu zimataya ubwino mwachangu kutentha kukakwera. Mbewu zambiri zimasunga kumera bwino kwa miyezi 8-18 zikamakhala m'zipinda zoyendetsedwa bwino. Chipinda chozizira chimayenda pa 5-15°C. Mpweya umakhalabe wokhazikika pa 0.3-0.5 m/s. Mpweya uwu umasunga kutentha ngakhale m'mashelefu.
Kulamulira chinyezi kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri. Mbewu zambiri zimafunika chinyezi cha 40–55% kuti zisungidwe bwino. Chipinda chozizira chimagwiritsa ntchito zochotsera chinyezi zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu ya 1–2 kW. Mayunitsi awa amakoka malita 4–8 a chinyezi pa ola limodzi. Chipindachi chimagwiritsanso ntchito mapanelo a PU kapena PIR otetezedwa. Mapanelo awa ali ndi makulidwe a 75–100 mm. Panelo ya PIR ya 100 mm imapereka mphamvu ya 0.022 W/m·K. Mlingo uwu umachepetsa kutayika kwa kuzizira ndi 30–35%.
Kuwala mkati kumakhala kofewa. Magetsi a LED amagwiritsa ntchito 5–12 W pa unit iliyonse. Chipinda chozizira chilinso ndi mashelufu oyera okhala ndi milingo ya 120–200 kg pa unit iliyonse. Mbewu zambiri zimafuna mpweya woyenda pang'onopang'ono pakasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Chipindacho chili ndi mafani okhala ndi mphamvu ya 1,000–2,500 m³/h. Dongosololi limayendetsa mpweya woyenda popanda kugwedeza mbewu.
Chipinda chozizira chimasunganso mpweya woyera. Zipinda zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito zosefera za mtundu wa G4–F7. Zoseferazi zimasunga fumbi ndikusunga malo osungiramo zinthu otetezeka. Kuteteza bwino, mpweya woyera, komanso nyengo yokhazikika zimapangitsa kuti chipinda chozizira cha mbewu chikhale ndi mawonekedwe abwino.
Chipinda chapadera chozizira
Zipinda zozizira za mbewu zimasiyana ndi zipinda zozizira za zipatso, nyama, ndi maluwa. Chogulitsa chilichonse chimafuna kutentha kosiyana ndi chinyezi chosiyana. Chipinda chozizira cha zipatso nthawi zambiri chimagwira ntchito pa 1–10°C ndi chinyezi cha 80–95%. Chinyezi chambirichi chimasunga zipatso zatsopano. Zipinda zozizira za maluwa zimakhala ndi chinyezi cha 2–8°C ndi 85–95%.
Mbewu zimafuna chinyezi chochepa kuposa zipinda zozizira izi. Mbewu zimayamwa chinyezi mwachangu. Chinyezi chochuluka choposa 60% chingachepetse kumera kwa zomera ndi 15-30% m'miyezi iwiri. Mbewu zimafunikanso mpweya wochepa chifukwa mphepo yamphamvu imauma mofulumira kwambiri. Zipinda zina zozizira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wochepa wa 1-2 m/s. Zipinda za mbewu zimagwiritsa ntchito 0.3-0.5 m/s yokha.
Mbewu zimafunikanso kukhazikika kwa kutentha. Zipinda zina zambiri zozizira zimavomereza kusintha kwa ±2–3°C. Kusunga mbewu nthawi zambiri kumafuna ±1°C kuwongolera. Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kumafooketsa moyo wa mbewu. Magulu oyesera amasonyeza kuchepa kwa kumera ndi 8–15% pamene kusinthaku kupitirira 3°C.
Zipinda zina zozizira zimasunga katundu wolemera. Zipinda zozizira za mbewu zimasunga katundu wopepuka. Chipinda cha mbewu chimagwiritsa ntchito mashelufu olemera 120–200 kg pa gawo lililonse. Chipinda chozizira cha nyama chimagwiritsa ntchito ma pallet racks okhala ndi 800–1200 kg pa gawo lililonse. Kusunga mbewu kumapewanso pansi ponyowa. Zipinda zambiri za mbewu zimagwiritsa ntchito nsanja zokwezedwa zomwe zimayima 5–10 cm kuchokera pansi.
Mfundo Zopangira
Kapangidwe kabwino kamateteza mbewu kwa nthawi yayitali. Opanga mapulani amasankha kaye kukula kwa chipinda. Chipinda cha 10-15 m² chimasunga matani 2-5. Chipinda cha 100 m² chimasunga matani 20-30. Opanga mapulani amaikanso m'lifupi mwa chitseko pa 0.9-1.2 m kuti chiyende bwino.
Kulamulira kutentha kumafunika kukonzekera bwino. Chipindacho chimagwiritsa ntchito ma compressor okhala ndi mphamvu ya 1.5–5 kW. Dongosololi limasunga kutentha pa 5–15°C. Masensa amawerenga kuchuluka kwa madzi masekondi 30–60 aliwonse. Gulu lowongolera limakonza kuzizira pang'onopang'ono. Chipindacho chimafunikanso sensa imodzi ya chinyezi pa 20–25 m² iliyonse.
Kuteteza kutentha kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Zipinda zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mapanelo a 75–100 mm PU kapena PIR. Mapanelo amenewa amachepetsa kutentha ndi 35–45%. Izi zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Zitseko zimakhalanso ndi mawaya otenthetsera a 15–25 W/m kuti aletse kuzizira.
Dongosolo la chipinda limaphatikizapo mizere ya mpweya. Kapangidwe kabwino kamasunga mpweya pa 0.3–0.5 m/s. Mabowo a mpweya amakhala pafupifupi 2–4% ya malo a chipinda. Mafani amakankhira 1,000–2,500 m³/h. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapewa makona akufa. Izi zimathandiza kuti mbewu zikhale kutentha kofanana.
Kuunikira kumakhudzanso ubwino. Nyali za LED zimapanga 50–100 lux. Mphamvu zimakhala zochepa. Masensa amazimitsa magetsi chipinda chikatsekedwa. Chipindacho chimafuna chingwe chaching'ono chotulutsira madzi chokhala ndi malo otsetsereka a 2–3%. Opanga mapulani amaika mashelufu pamtunda wa 40–60 cm kuchokera pakhoma. Malo awa amathandiza kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino.
Kapangidwe kabwino kamapangitsa kuti nyengo ikhale yokhazikika, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa mbewu.
Malo Opangira ndi Kumanga
Mapanelo opangidwa kale ayenera kukhala olondola kwambiri. Zolimba zimaletsa mpweya ndi chinyezi kulowa. Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito thovu la polyurethane lopangidwa ndi jakisoni. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti pali kukhuthala kokhazikika papanelo lonse. Mapaipi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera zotsekera. Zisindikizo izi ziyenera kukhalabe zopanda mpweya pamene zikupanikizika.
Zigawo za mufiriji zimafunika kusakanikirana mosamala. Akatswiri ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta apadera ndi mafiriji. Izi ziyenera kugwira ntchito bwino kutentha kochepa kwambiri. Kuteteza mapaipi moyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kusweka kulikonse kumayambitsa kusagwira ntchito bwino komanso chiopsezo cha kuzizira.
Njira zokhazikitsira ndi zovuta kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kutseka mosamala njira iliyonse yolowera. Izi zikuphatikizapo mapaipi, machubu amagetsi, ndi mafelemu a zitseko. Omanga nyumba amagwiritsa ntchito zotsekera zapadera zotsika kutentha. Chidebe cha maziko chiyenera kutetezedwa pansi. Izi zimaletsa kupangika kwa permafrost pansi pa chipindacho. Permafrost imatha kusuntha pansi ndikuwononga nyumbayo.
Kuyambitsa ntchito kumaphatikizapo kuyesa kwakukulu. Akatswiri amayesa kufanana kwa kutentha mchipinda chonse. Amatsimikiza bwino momwe chotsukira chinyezi chimagwirira ntchito. Dongosololi liyenera kukwaniritsa cholinga cha RH mwachangu. Kusunga deta kumatsimikizira kuti ntchitoyo ikuyenda bwino pakapita masiku. Pambuyo poyesa bwino, chipindacho chimalandira mbewu. Kuwongolera khalidwe kumatsimikizira kuti malo osungiramo zinthu azikhala nthawi yayitali.
Chipinda chozizira cha mbewu chimateteza ubwino wa mbewu ndi kutentha kokhazikika komanso chinyezi chochepa. Dongosololi limathandizira kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo limasunga kumera kolimba. Kusiyana kosiyana kumasiyanitsa zipinda za mbewu ndi zipinda za zipatso, nyama, ndi maluwa. Mpweya wokhazikika, kugwedezeka kochepa, komanso kuwongolera kutentha kwambiri kumateteza zamoyo za mbewu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-03-2025