Nyumba yosungiramo zomera za nkhaka imapanga malo okhazikika okulirapo okhala ndi kutentha koyenera komanso kuwala koyenera. Mafamu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi chifukwa nkhaka zimakula mofulumira ndipo zimafunika chitetezo chodalirika. Nyumba yosungiramo zomera imawonjezera zokolola ndipo imachepetsa malire a nyengo. Famu yachizolowezi imawonjezera zokolola pachaka ndi 20% ndi nyumba yomangidwa bwino.
Kapangidwe
Kapangidwe kachitsulondi chisankho chabwino kwambiri chomangira nyumba zobiriwira.chitsulo kapangidwe kowonjezera kutenthaimagwiritsa ntchito mafelemu olimba, makoma a padenga, makoma am'mbali, ndi makina ophimba. Kapangidwe kake kamapanga chipolopolo choteteza chomwe chimathandizira kukula kwa nkhaka bwino. Malo ambiri obiriwira amafika kutalika kwa 6m mpaka 10m. Mafamu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito madera kuyambira 8m mpaka 12m. Mapulojekiti akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito madera mpaka 20m kuti atulutse bwino. Kutalikirana kwa madera nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 1.2m ndi 2.0m.
Denga limagwiritsa ntchito ma arches opindika omwe amatsogolera madzi amvula mosamala. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapewa mavuto a kuthamanga kwa madzi ndipo kamachepetsa chiopsezo cha chipale chofewa. Malo otsetsereka a denga nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 18° ndi 25°. Makoma am'mbali amagwiritsa ntchito mizati yachitsulo yomwe imanyamula katundu wa mphepo. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imateteza liwiro la mphepo mpaka 80 km/h. Mapangidwe ena olemera amafika 100 km/h.
Kapangidwe kake kamathandizira mpweya wachilengedwe wokhala ndi ma venti am'mbali ndi ma venti a padenga. Mafamu nthawi zambiri amaika ma venti awiri a padenga okhala ndi m'lifupi mwake pafupifupi 1.5 m'lifupi. Ma venti am'mbali nthawi zambiri amafika kutalika kwa 40 m m'mayunitsi akuluakulu. Ma venti amenewa amasunga chinyezi chokhazikika ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda.
Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imakhala ndi njira zothandizira mkati monga mawaya opachika mipesa ya nkhaka. Mpata uliwonse wa waya umakhala pakati pa 0.4 m ndi 0.5 m. Njira zamkati zimathandiza ogwira ntchito kuyang'anira zomera mosavuta. Kapangidwe kabwino kamachepetsa nthawi yogwira ntchito ndi 15%.
Makina owunikira amalowa m'mbali mwa makoma a padenga. Zingwe za LED zimasunga mphamvu ndi 35% poyerekeza ndi nyali zakale. Ma ngalande amadzi amayendera mbali zonse ziwiri kuti azithirira. Kapangidwe kabwino kamasunga kufalikira kwa madzi ngakhale m'mizere yonse ya mbewu.
Zipangizo Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito
Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zachitsulo imagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimathandiza kulimba, kulimba, komanso kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali. Mafelemu akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chotenthetsera choviikidwa m'madzi otentha. Mafelemu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito machubu ozungulira kapena a sikweya a 60 mm mpaka 100 mm. Kuphimba kwa zinki nthawi zambiri kumafika 80 g mpaka 120 g pa mita imodzi. Kuphimba kumeneku kumawonjezera nthawi ya ntchito mpaka zaka 15 mpaka 20.
Zipangizo zopingasa ndi zolumikizira zamkati zimagwiritsa ntchito machubu a 25 mm mpaka 40 mm. Machubu awa amachepetsa kulemera koma amakhala olimba bwino. Mafamu ambiri amasankha makulidwe a khoma a 0.8 mm mpaka 1.2 mm kuti athandizire mwamphamvu. Zipangizo zolumikizira zimaletsa kugwedezeka nthawi yamkuntho.
Chivundikirocho chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Nyumba zambiri zosungiramo zinthu zakale zimagwiritsa ntchito filimu ya polyethylene ya 150-micron. Filimuyi imatumiza kuwala pafupifupi 85%. Mafamu ena amagwiritsa ntchito mafilimu a 180-micron kuti apititse patsogolo kulimba. Ena amasankha mapepala a polycarbonate okhala ndi makulidwe a 6mm kapena 8mm. Mapepala awa amalimbana ndi matalala ndipo amachepetsa kutentha ndi 25%.
Maziko a nthaka amafunika kukhazikika mwamphamvu. Mafamu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maziko a konkriti okhala ndi kuya kwa 400 mm mpaka 700 mm kutengera mtundu wa nthaka. Mabotolo a konkriti nthawi zambiri amayesa kukula kwa M10 kapena M12. Kukhazikika bwino kumasunga mafelemu olimba pamene mphepo yamphamvu ikuwomba.
Zipangizo zopumira mpweya zimaphatikizapo maukonde, ma roller, ndi makina opumira. Zophimba maukonde zimagwiritsa ntchito maukonde 40 kapena maukonde 50 kuti zisawononge tizilombo. Ma roller amatsegula mafilimu bwino ndipo amachepetsa ntchito yamanja.
Zipangizo zamkati zimaphatikizapo zingwe zachitsulo, mapaipi apulasitiki, zingwe zodulira, ndi maukonde amthunzi. Zingwe zodulira zimagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa madzi pafupifupi malita awiri pa ola limodzi. Maukonde amthunzi nthawi zambiri amatseka kuwala kwa 30% mpaka 50% kutengera nyengo. Mawaya othandizira amasunga mipesa ya nkhaka yomwe ingakule mpaka mamita awiri mkati mwa mwezi umodzi.
Ubwino
Nyumba yosungiramo zomera ya nkhaka yokhala ndi chitsulo imapereka ntchito yokhazikika komanso yokolola kwambiri. Mafamu ambiri amanena kuti zokolola zimawonjezeka ndi 25% mpaka 40% chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yolamulidwa. Nkhaka zimakula mwachangu chifukwa nyumba yosungiramo zomera imasunga kutentha pang'ono. Kutentha kumakhala pakati pa 20°C mpaka 26°C masana ndi 16°C mpaka 18°C usiku. Malo okhazikika awa amateteza maluwa ndi zipatso.
Mafelemu achitsulo amakhala ndi moyo wautali. Chitsulo chotenthedwa ndi galvanized chimalimbana ndi dzimbiri kwa zaka 15 mpaka 20. Zophimba zina zokhuthala zimafika zaka 25. Kulimba kumeneku kumachepetsa ndalama zokonzera ndi 30%. Kapangidwe kake kamathandizanso mphepo yamphamvu ndi mvula yamphamvu, zomwe zimateteza mbewu nthawi ya mphepo yamkuntho.
Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imapangitsa kuti madzi azigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Kuthirira pogwiritsa ntchito madontho kumasunga madzi ndi 40% poyerekeza ndi kuthirira pamwamba. Chinyezi chimakhala bwino, zomwe zimachepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda. Mafamu ambiri amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi 20% chifukwa chinyezi chimakhala chokhazikika.
Kapangidwe kachitsulo ka nkhaka yobiriwira imalola feteleza wolondola. Ma feteleza amadzimadzi amathandizira kuyamwa michere ndi 15%. Kulondola kumeneku kumawonjezera kukula kwa zipatso ndikuchepetsa zinyalala. Dongosololi limathandizanso kupanga nkhaka chaka chonse. Mafamu amatha kukolola nkhaka kwa miyezi 10 mpaka 12 kutengera nyengo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera kumawonjezeka ndi zipangizo zamakono. Mapepala a polycarbonate amachepetsa kutaya kutentha ndi 20% mpaka 25%. Nyali za LED zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi 35% mpaka 50% poyerekeza ndi mababu akale. Zowongolera kutentha zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chotenthetsera ndi 10% mpaka 15%.
Kasamalidwe ka antchito kamakula bwino mkati mwa nyumba yoyera. Antchito amayenda mosavuta m'mizere yokonzedwa bwino. Mafamu ambiri amachepetsa maola ogwira ntchito ndi 10% chifukwa zida ndi njira zimakhala zoyera. Mpweya wabwino kwambiri umachepetsanso chiopsezo cha nkhungu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipatso zikhale zoyera.
Mfundo Zofunika Zopangira
Magulu opanga mapulani amaphunzira nyengo, nthaka, mphamvu ya mphepo, ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa asanakonzekere nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Amasankha kutalika ndi kutalika kwa nyumbayo kutengera dera lomwe lili. Malo otentha amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba zazitali zokhala ndi kutalika kwa mamita 6 mpaka 7 kuti mpweya upite bwino. Malo ozizira amagwiritsa ntchito denga lotsika kuti achepetse kutentha. Malo omwe mphepo imawomba amafunika zipilala zolimba zokhala ndi machubu okhuthala achitsulo.
Opanga mapulani amasankha zipangizo zophimba kutengera zosowa za kuwala. Nkhaka zimafuna kuwala kwamphamvu, kotero 85% ya kuwala kotumizira kuwala kumagwira ntchito bwino. Mafamu ena amawonjezera mafilimu ofalitsa kuwala omwe amathandiza kufalitsa kuwala ndi 20%. Kuwala kofanana kumeneku kumachepetsa kutentha kwa masamba.
Kapangidwe ka mpweya wopuma ndi kofunikira pa thanzi la nkhaka. Ma vent a padenga nthawi zambiri amafika 8% mpaka 12% ya malo onse a denga. Ma vent a m'mbali amatambasuka pa 70% ya kutalika kwa khoma. Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandizira kuti mpweya uyende bwino komanso kuchotsa mpweya wonyowa. Mpweya wabwino umachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda ndi 30%.
Kapangidwe ka kuthirira kakuphatikizapo matanki amadzi, zosefera, ndi mizere yothira madzi. Nyumba yobiriwira ya 1000 m² ingagwiritse ntchito mizere yothira madzi ya 60 mpaka 80. Mzere uliwonse umathandizira zomera zambiri. Machitidwe ambiri amaphatikizapo zothira feteleza kuti ziwongolere kulamulira zakudya.
Dongosolo lothandizira limasunga mipesa ya nkhaka. Opanga mapulani amaika mawaya othandizira pa 0.5 m iliyonse. Waya uliwonse umathandizira kulemera kwa zomera mpaka 15 kg. Antchito amamanga zingwe za mipesa m'mawaya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipatso zikhale zoyera komanso zowongoka.
Kapangidwe ka kutentha n'kofunika m'madera ozizira. Mapaipi amadzi otentha kapena zotenthetsera zamagetsi zimasunga kutentha kopitilira 15°C usiku. Makina ena amagwiritsa ntchito 30 W mpaka 50 W pa mita imodzi. Kapangidwe ka mthunzi n'kofunika m'madera otentha. Maukonde amthunzi amachepetsa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi 30% mpaka 50%.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-02-2025