Nyumba yomangidwa kale yasintha momwe anthu amamangira nyumba ndipo yakhudzanso momwe ntchito yomanga nyumba imayendera. Munthawi yolimbikitsa kusintha kwapadera kwa nyumba, kuteteza chilengedwe komanso kusunga mphamvu, nyumba yamtunduwu, yomwe poyamba inkagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zakanthawi, ikutchuka kwambiri pamsika.
Kodi Nyumba Yokonzedweratu N'chiyani?
Nyumba zokonzedwa kaleInayamba kale kuposa momwe anthu ambiri ankaganizira. Mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1900, wopanga mapulani wa ku France Jean Prouvé adatsogolera popanga zitsanzo za nyumba zokonzedwa kale. Poyamba,nyumba zokonzedweratu kaleZinali zokwanira kukwaniritsa zosowa za nyumba zakanthawi monga misasa yankhondo ya nthawi ya nkhondo ndi malo othawirako anthu othawa kwawo panthawiyo. Komabe, pamene nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inatha komanso chuma cha padziko lonse chinayamba kuyenda bwino, nyumba zokonzedwa kale zabweretsanso mwayi watsopano woti anthu apite patsogolo.
Nyumba yomangidwa kale imagwiritsa ntchito zida zomangidwa ndi fakitale. Ogwira ntchito amapanga ma module kapena mapanelo pamalo olamulidwa. Chifukwa chake, ubwino wa zomangamanga umakhalabe wokhazikika. Makina ndi antchito aluso amaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Makoma, pansi, ndi denga zimasuntha kuchokera ku fakitale kupita kumalo ogwirira ntchito. Ma cranes amakweza mapanelo m'malo mwake. Ogwira ntchito amalumikiza zida ndi mabolts kapena kuwotcherera. Nyumba yomaliza imagwira ntchito ngati nyumba yachikhalidwe. Ikhoza kuphatikizapo khitchini, bafa, ndi zipinda zogona.
Nyumba zomangidwa kale zimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu. Makina okhala ndi mapanelo amagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zathyathyathya. Omanga nyumba amawasonkhanitsa pamalopo. Makina omangidwa modula amagwiritsa ntchito zipinda zonse. Gawo limodzi limaphatikizapo makoma ndi pansi. Ogwira ntchito amaika ma module ngati mabuloko omangira. Nyumba zomangidwa modula zimamalizidwa mwachangu.
Nyumba zomangidwa kale zimathandiza kapangidwe kosinthasintha. Makasitomala amasankha mtundu, kapangidwe, ndi mawonekedwe a malo. Amatha kumanga nyumba zazing'ono kapena nyumba zazikulu. Masukulu ndi zipatala amagwiritsanso ntchito makina omangidwa kale.
Kuwongolera zachilengedwe kumawongolera ubwino. Mapanelo amalimbana ndi chinyezi ndi kupindika. Chotetezera kutentha chimayikidwa bwino mufakitale. Kukhuthala kwa chotetezera kutentha kumatha kufika 75 mm kapena 100 mm. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zipinda zikhale zofunda nthawi yozizira komanso zozizira nthawi yachilimwe.
Nyumba zomwe zakonzedwa kale zimatumikira madera ambiri. Malo ozizira amagwiritsa ntchito kutchinjiriza kwamphamvu. Malo otentha amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosatentha. Maziko owala amathandizira kuyika mwachangu. Izi zimathandiza m'malo amchenga kapena miyala.
Makina okonzeratu nyumba amachepetsa zolakwika panthawi yomanga. Mayiko ambiri amavomereza miyezo yachitetezo cha nyumba zokonzeratu nyumba. Chifukwa chake, nyumba zokonzeratu nyumba zimakhalabe zotetezeka komanso zolimba.
Ubwino
Nyumba zomangidwa kale zimapindulitsa omanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Phindu loyamba ndi kumanga mwachangu. Kupanga mafakitale kumapulumutsa nthawi pamalopo. Nyumba ya 100 m² imatha kumalizidwa m'masiku 20 mpaka 30 okha. Nyumba zachikhalidwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali.
Ubwino wachiwiri ndi kuchepetsa kutaya zinthu. Mafakitale amalamulira kudula kulikonse ndi cholumikizira chilichonse. Zipangizo zina zimakhala zogwiritsidwanso ntchito. Malo akale nthawi zambiri amataya matabwa, konkire, kapena chitsulo.
Phindu lachitatu limaphatikizapo kuchepetsa ndalama. Kuchepa kwa nthawi yogwira ntchito kumatanthauza mtengo wotsika. Kumanga nyumba yokonzedwa kale kumachepetsanso mayendedwe a zida zazikulu. Ntchito yokonza nyumba yokonzedwa kale ingapulumutse ndalama zonse ndi 10% mpaka 25%.
Ubwino wachinayi ndi kuwongolera bwino khalidwe. Makina amapanga mawonekedwe a ziwalo molondola. Mainjiniya amayesa kulimba kwa panelo asanatumize. Makoma amatha kunyamula katundu wambiri. Nyumba zachitsulo zimathandiza kukana mphepo. Nyumba zomwe zili m'malo omwe mphepo imawomba zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zotetezera kuti zigwire ntchito yamkuntho. Nyumba zina zimapirira mphepo yamkuntho ya 120 km/h.
Ubwino wachisanu ndi magwiridwe antchito a chilengedwe. Mapanelo ali ndi kutchinjiriza kutentha. Panel ya 100mm PU imasunga mphamvu mpaka 40% poyerekeza ndi makoma a njerwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kumachepetsa kuwononga mpweya.
Ubwino wachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi kusinthasintha. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka modular ndi njira yosavuta yokhazikitsira, eni nyumba amatha kukulitsa nyumba zawo mosavuta. Amawonjezera ma modules pambuyo pake popanda kusintha kwakukulu. Masukulu amatha kuwonjezera makalasi atsopano mwachangu.
Nyumba zomangira nyumba zimathandizanso pa zosowa zadzidzidzi. Pambuyo pa masoka achilengedwe, maboma amafunika nyumba zokhazikika. Magulu omanga nyumba amafika mwachangu m'malo owonongeka. Amathandiza anthu kuchira msanga.
Nyumba zomangidwa kale zimaphatikizapo liwiro, ubwino, komanso kusinthasintha. Mphamvu zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi moyo wamakono. Mayiko ambiri amathandizira kukula kwa nyumba zomangidwa kale kudzera mu mfundo ndi luso.
Malo Oyang'anira Kupanga ndi Kupanga
Kuwongolera khalidwe la kupanga kumathandizira kuti nyumba ipambane. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kutsatira miyezo yeniyeni. Kulondola kumaonetsetsa kuti zida zikugwirizana pamalopo. Makina odulira amapanga m'mbali zosalala. Izi zimaletsa kutuluka kwa mpweya. Ntchito yomanga fakitale imachepetsa mavuto a nyengo. Mvula siichedwa kupanga.
Kulukira ndi kulumikiza mafelemu achitsulo. Antchito aluso amafufuza cholumikizira chilichonse. Zolakwika zimayambitsa mavuto pambuyo pake. Mainjiniya amachita mayeso kuti atsimikizire kulimba. Pambuyo pomanga, ziwalo zimayesedwa.
Kukonza pamwamba kumateteza chitsulo ku dzimbiri. Kuphimba kwa zinki kumapereka kukana kwa nthawi yayitali. Zinc wosanjikiza wa 100μm umateteza chitsulo kwa zaka 15 mpaka 20. Kuphimba kwa utoto kumaperekanso chitetezo cha nthawi yayitali. Makoma ndi denga zimafuna zotchingira chinyezi. Kutseka kwa fakitale kumasunga mapanelo ouma panthawi yosungira.
Chotetezera kutentha chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Thovu la PU kapena PIR limagwira ntchito bwino m'nyumba zomwe zakonzedwa kale. EPS imagwirizana ndi mapulojekiti otsika mtengo. Kukhuthala kwa chotetezera kutentha kumadalira nyengo. Malo ozizira amagwiritsa ntchito 100 mm. Malo otentha angagwiritse ntchito 50 mm. Malamulo a moto amakhudza kusankha kwa zinthu. PIR imapereka chitetezo chabwino pamoto.
Mawindo ndi zitseko ziyenera kugwirizana bwino. Kutseka bwino kumawonjezera chitonthozo. Magetsi a LED ndi mawaya anzeru amaikidwa mkati mwa mapanelo. Choncho, nyumbayo imafika yokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito komaliza.
Mayendedwe amafunika chisamaliro. Magalimoto amasuntha mapanelo mosamala. Ogwira ntchito amateteza ngodya kuti zisawonongeke. Kuyika zinthu molakwika kungapindire chitsulo.
Kupanga mafakitale kumachepetsa khama la malo. Kukonzekera bwino kumathandiza kuti ntchito yoyika ipambane. Kuwunika bwino khalidwe kumatsimikizira kuti ntchitoyo imatenga nthawi yayitali.
Kukhazikitsa
Kukhazikitsa kumayamba ndi ntchito yomanga maziko. Maziko amathandiza kulemera kwa nyumba. Nyumba zambiri zomangidwa kale zimagwiritsa ntchito maziko opepuka. Maziko a konkire angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi nthaka yofewa. Mainjiniya amayesa nthaka kaye. Nyumba yolemera matani 20 imafunika chithandizo chokhazikika.
Ogwira ntchito amaika chimango choyamba. Ma cranes amathandiza kukweza matabwa achitsulo. Amamangirira mizati ndi matabwa pamodzi. Kupotoka koyima kumakhala pansi pa 5 mm kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwirizana. Makoma amatsatira chimangocho. Ogwira ntchito amatseka malo olumikizirana mwamphamvu. Izi zimachepetsa kutuluka kwa mpweya.
Kukhazikitsa denga kumateteza mkati. Kutulutsa madzi bwino kumateteza kutuluka kwa madzi. Kutsetsereka kwa denga kumathandiza kuti madzi ayende bwino. Kutsetsereka kwa denga la 1:15 kumagwira ntchito bwino m'madera ambiri.
Kukhazikitsa mkati kumaphatikizapo mapaipi ndi magetsi. Zigawo zambiri zimafika zitayikidwa kale. Zimenezi zimachepetsa ntchito ya pamalopo. Ogwira ntchito amamaliza pansi ndikuyika zida zina.
Mphamvu imagwira ntchito yofunika. Mapanelo otetezedwa ndi insulation amachepetsa ndalama zotenthetsera. Nyumba yokhala ndi panelo ya 10 0mm PU ingasunge mphamvu ndi 30% pachaka m'malo ozizira.
Zitsanzo za kapangidwe kake zikuwonetsa mphamvu yeniyeni. Chitsulo cholimba cha 3 mm chingathe kupirira katundu wovuta wa mphepo. Mainjiniya amapanga maulumikizidwe kuti azitha kupirira katundu wodula wa bolt wa 12 mm. Mphamvu ya panel imafika 0.5 kN/m² kuti iteteze khoma.
Nyumba zomwe zakonzedwa kale zimathandizanso kukulitsa nyumba. Nyumba ya 50 m² imatha kukula kufika 80 m² powonjezera ma module. Kukulitsa nyumbayo sikufuna kusintha kapangidwe kake.
Kukhazikitsa bwino kumathandizira kulimba. Kuwunika chitetezo kumaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino. Nyumba zomangidwa kale zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino mwachangu komanso zimagwira ntchito bwino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-29-2025